The Eudaemons
Vadzidzi vefizikisi, vhiri rekasino rakatengwa nemari yemaoko, uye kombiyuta diki zvekuti inopfekwa kuenda nayo kutafura.
Kubva 1976 kusvika 1981 boka revadzidzi vefizikisi kuSanta Cruz rakavaka makombiyuta edhijitari aiyera nguva yebhora nerotor otaura chikamu chevhiri mabheti achiri kugamuchirwa. Bvunzo dzavo dzakavimbisa mukana we44% uye sesheni yekutanga refu yakapa ingangoita 25%. Midziyo yairamba ichitadza, shanduro yakavakwa mushangu yakakundwa neruzha rwemagetsi muna 1981, uye vakakunda madhora zviuru zvishoma.
Pfungwa mubhawa reLas Vegas, 1975
Muzhizha ra1975 Norman Packard, mudzidzi wefizikisi, akapedza mwedzi miviri achiverenga makadhi pablackjack muLas Vegas neshamwari yake, Jack Biles, uye vakangoenzana. Pachinwiwa chekupedzisira Biles akati aigona kubheja kuti Roulette yaigona kukundwa nefizikisi, uye Packard akarangarira mutsara wakavanzika muBeat the Dealer yaEdward Thorp pamusoro penzira yeRoulette. Vaviri ava vakakwereta tepi rekodha, vakamira parutivi pemavhiri mumakasino akati wandei uye vaibaya maikorofoni nguva dzese bhoramidziyoBhoraBhora diki rinokandwa mumugero richienda rimwe divi nerotor. Mabhora emazuva ano ndeeivorine kana Teflon, 18–21 mm.Verengai zvese → parinopfuura pane imwe nzvimbo. Pakaiswa pagirafu, kubaya ikoko kwakaratidza bhora richiderera nekudonha nenzira yakarongeka. Shamwari yaPackard yechikoro Doyne Farmer, mudzidzi wepamusoro paUniversity of California, Santa Cruz, akati kwaiva kutambisa nguva kusvika aita masvomhu iye pachake: munhu anogona kuyera nguva yebhora kusvika pachikamu chimwe chegumi chesekondi anofanira, pabepa, kukwanisa kutaura kuti richamhara papi mukati menhamba shoma.
Vhiri murabhoritari yefizikisi
Muchirimo cha1976 Farmer naDan Browne vakabhadhara $1,500 nemari yemaoko pavhiri rekasino rakagadziriswa pawekishopu muReno, vachiti raiva remabiko efraternity. Kwemwedzi yakawanda vairitakura usiku kuenda kurabhoritari yekudzidzisa yeyunivhesiti vachiriyera nemasensa einfrared, wachi yemagetsi yavakazvigadzirira nekamera yaibatidzwa neruzha rwebhora richirova simbi. Zvavakawana zvichiri rondedzero pfupi yakanaka yezvinokosha pakutenderera. Mhepo ndiyo inoderedza zvakanyanya, kupfuura nzira yebhora. Vhiri risina kuenzana kunyange nechikamu chimwe chegumi cheinchi rinochinja panobva bhora panzira, uye pavhiri rakatsveyama bhora rinowanzobva parutivi rwakakwirira, izvo zvinoita kuti kufanotaura kuve nyore. Mabhora anosiyana: bhora reTeflon rakaderera kakapetwa kaviri kupfuura rechinhu chemabhora ebhiridha. Uye bhora parinenge rabva panzira richiri kusvetuka, paavhareji kwete kupfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina kusvika chimwe muzvitatu chekutenderera. Kusvetuka ikoko ndiwo waiva mubvunzo wakanga wakaturikwa pauri hurongwa hwese, uye kwakanga kusina kufara zvakakwana kuti kudzime kufanotaura. Pakupera kwezhizha vakaisa mukana unogoneka pa44%, nhamba yakanga yapiwa naThorp kumuchina wake.
Kambani nepie
Vakadaidza bhizimisi iri kuti Eudaemonic Enterprises, kubva pazwi rechiGreek rinoreva mufaro weupenyu hunorarama nekufunga. Munhu wese akashanda pariri aifanira kubhadharwa kubva pazvichakundwa mune ramangwana zvichienderana nemaawa aakashanda: chimedu chezvavaidaidza kuti Eudaemonic Pie. Zvakakundwa zvaifanira kubhadharira nharaunda yeshamwari dzichiita sainzi nemitemo yavo.
Kombiyuta pasi peruoko, 1976–1978
Muchina wekutanga wakakura kubva pakombiyuta yekit yakauya netsamba muna Gunyana 1976 ye$250, yakavakwa paprocessor ye6502 yaishandiswawo nemakombiyuta eApple. Farmer, akanga asati amboita purogiramu, akanyora maequation ebhora nerotormidziyoRotorChikamu chevhiri chinotenderera chakatakura makomba.Verengai zvese → mairi. Shanduro yekasino yaipfekwa yakasungirirwa kumuviri, pasi peruoko kana, kuvakadzi, mubra. Mutambi aiva pavhiri aidzvanya maswitch nezvigunwe zvikuru zvetsoka: chimwe chigunwe chaimaka zerovhiriZeroGomba rimwe chete rakasvibira risingafukidzwi nebheti remubhadharo wakaenzana, redozeni kana rekoramu; ndiko kunobva chikamu chekasino. Mamwe mazita: zero imwe, 0.Verengai zvese → uye ipapo bhora nguva dzese pavaipfuura pane imwe nzvimbo, chimwe chaifambisa purogiramu pakati pemarongero ayo. Kugadzirisa purogiramu kuvhiri rimwe chete kwaitora maminitsi angangoita makumi maviri ekudzvanya kwakanyarara. Ipapo, masekonzi mashoma mukutenderera kwega kwega, kombiyuta yaitaura chimwe chezvikamu zvevhirivhiriChikamu chevhiriRutivi rwemakomba akatevedzana pavhiri, rwakasiyana neboka riri patafura yekubhejera.Verengai zvese → zvisere, kana kuratidza “hapana bheti”, nekuzunguza zvidzvanyiso zviduku paganda. Mutambi wechipiri ari kure patafura, akabatanidzwa nesaini yeredhiyo isina simba, ainzwa kuzununguka kumwe chete obheja nhamba nhatu kana ina dzechikamu ichocho, dzimwe nguva achichinjanisa nhamba iri parutivi payo pavhiri kuti maitiro anetse kuverenga.
Rwendo rwekutanga, kuLake Tahoe neReno muna Zvita 1977, rwaiva kutadza kwemidziyo kwakareba. Mavhiki mashoma gare gare, kuGolden Gate mudowntown Las Vegas, Farmer akatamba ega kwemaawa mana nehafu pamasendi gumi pachipimariChipiChiratidzo chinomiririra mari yakatarwa, chinoiswa patafura yekubhejera kuita bheti. Rimwe zita: check.Verengai zvese →. Purofiti yaiva shoma, asi mukutenderera kwemazana akati wandei iye naBrowne vakaisa mukana, nekungwarira, pa25%.
Zhizha ra1978
Zhizha iroro boka rakatamba richichinjana kwemavhiki, mudowntown nepaStrip, masesheni maviri pazuva uye risingambotambi kasino imwe chete husiku huviri hwakatevedzana. Vakachengeta bhuku rekunyora pakasino imwe neimwe: mavhiri ayo uye kuti aive asina kuenzana zvakadii, vashandi vayo, kuchinjana kwavo kwebasa. Mavhiri eLas Vegas akazoonekwa akatsveyama zvinobatsira uye mitambo yepakati pehusiku ichinonoka, izvo zvaidiwa nekombiyuta, sezvo rotor inononoka nebhora rinokurumidza zvichisiya nguva yakawanda yekuyera nekubheja. Pakanga paine husiku hwakanaka. KuCircus Circus kuchinjwa kwecroupiervanhuCroupierMutambisi patafura yeRoulette.Verengai zvese → pamaawa maviri mangwanani kwakashandura sesheni yekurasikirwa ikava mazana akati wandei emadhora pamasendi 25 pachipi. Uye pakanga paine kutadza kwakaenderera: waya dzakasununguka, kubatana kweredhiyo kwaichinja nekupisa, kuvhundutswa nemagetsi kubva kuwaya dzeantenna dzakasonwa muhembe dzavo. Humwe husiku zvidzvanyiso zvakamira, waya dzakapisa zvakanyanya, uye Ingrid Hoermann akaramba achitamba ane kutsva pane kusiya tafura yaaikunda. Vashandi vekasino vakaona kukunda asi havana kumboona nzira; kamwe croupier, akashungurudzika nemurwi wemachipi waikura, akabata vhiri raitenderera akarimonyorora.
Mumwedzi gumi nemitatu vakaita nzendo sere kuNevada uye, vachibheja kazhinji masendi gumi nemakota, vakakunda madhora zviuru zvishoma. Sesheni kuCalifornia Club muna Zvita 1978 yakaunza zvinopfuura $1,000 mumaawa matatu uye yakavagutsa kuti nzira iyi yaikodzera midziyo iri nani.
Packard naBiles vanoyera nguva yemabhora eRoulette netepi rekodha muLas Vegas.
Vhiri rekasino rakatengwa muReno; zhizha rekuyera; kombiyuta yekutanga yekit.
Rwendo rwekutanga rwekasino, Lake Tahoe neReno. Midziyo inotadza.
Golden Gate, Las Vegas: maawa mana nehafu pamabheti emasendi gumi, mukana wakaiswa pa25%.
Mavhiki ekutamba muLas Vegas kombiyuta yakapfekwa pamuviri.
California Club: zvinopfuura $1,000 mumaawa matatu.
Kombiyuta inovakwazve kuti ikwane mushangu.
Las Vegas: ruzha rwemagetsi runokunda kubatana kweredhiyo. Purojekiti inomira.
Nevada inorambidza michina yekufanotaura. The Eudaemonic Pie rinoburitswa.
Kombiyuta mushangu, 1980–1981
Kuti vabvise waya pamiviri yavo vakasarudza kuisa zvese mushangu. Mark Truitt, akanga achangopedza fizikisi uye akabuda pakubvunzurudzwa kwebasa reradar yemauto, akapedza gore nehafu pariri. Pfungwa yakaita kuti zvikwane yakabva kuna technician weyunivhesiti: dzimai kombiyuta pakati pekufanotaura, uye inoda mabhatiri mashoma zvikuru. Truitt akaisa machip pamabhodhi maviri emasekete aakazvigadzirira, akaisa rimwe pamusoro perimwe akazadza nzvimbo iri pakati newakisi yakaoma, izvo zvakaita chidhinha chinosvika mainchi maviri nemana uye hafu yeinchi kukora chaigona kutsikwa. Mabhatiri, antenna nezvizunguzi zviviri pazvitatu zvakapinda muchitsitsinho. Zvizunguzi zvitatu pakumhanya kutatu zvakapa masaini mapfumbamwe: zvikamu zvisere ne“hapana bheti”. Mugadziri weshangu akacheka mukati meshangu dzeganda dzakajairwa asina mibvunzo.
Muna Mbudzi 1981 Farmer nemunyori Thomas Bass vakatora shangu ne$2,500 kuenda kuLas Vegas. Patafura yekutanga kufanotaura kwekutanga kwakabuda, ndokubva zvizunguzi zvotanga kuzununguka zvisina hurongwa. Makasino azere neruzha rwemagetsi, kubva kumakamera ekuchengetedza, zviratidzo zveneon neslot machines, uye rwakakunda kubatana kweredhiyo kwakapera simba pakati peshangu; terevhizheni yaiva mukamuri yemotel yakaita zvimwe chetezvo. Mazuva ekugadzirisa nevanhu vana haana kuzvirapa, uye purojekiti yakamira ipapo. Midziyo yakapinda mubhokisi muimba yepasi muSanta Cruz.
Zvinoreva 44%
Pavhiri reAmerica straight upbhetiStraight upNhamba imwe chete, rinobhadhara 35:1.Verengai zvese → inokunda kamwe chete mukutenderera 38 paavhareji uye inobhadhara 35 kusvika ku1, izvo zvinodhurira mutambi 5.26%. Mukana we44% ndiko kukosha kwebheti rimwe chete iroro kana richikunda kamwe chete mukutenderera 25: machipi 36 anodzoka pamachipi 25 ega ega akabhejwa. Saka kombiyuta haina kumbofanira kuziva nhamba. Yaifanira kuita kuti nhamba dzayakasarudza dzibude kanosvika kamwe nehafu kakawanda kupfuura zvinobvumirwa nemhanza.
Sei mukana mukuru wainzwika sekubheja
Mukana pa35 kusvika ku1 unobhadhara zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisina kuenzana. Mumwe wevapi vemazano veboka akayambira kuti mutambi anobheja $100 panhamba aigona kunge ari pasi ne$10,000 kana $20,000 mukana usati waoneka, uye masvomhu anobvumirana: nemukana we44% panhamba imwe chete mutambi achiri shure mushure mekutenderera 100 kanosvika kamwe chete pana. Ndosaka the Eudaemons vakatanga pamasendi gumi vakavaka mari yekutambamariMari yekutambaMari yose yakachengeterwa kutamba. Kutonga mari yekutamba kuri kusarudza kuti mungaisa pangozi yakawanda sei pabheti rimwe nepasesheni imwe.Verengai zvese → yavo kubva pazvavakakunda, uye ndosaka Alan Lewis, akabatana navo muna 1978, akapedza nguva yake pakuti vabheje marii. Farmer akazofunga kuti vakanga vangwarira zvakanyanya. Mabheti madiki akavachengeta vakachengeteka, uye zvakarevawo kuti makore ebasa akawana zvishoma zvikuru.
Zvazvakadhura nezvazvakabhadhara
Ingangoita $15,000 yakapinda muzvikamu, zvishandiso nemihoro yaTruitt, yakawanda yacho ichibva kuna Farmer nekuna Letty Belin, gweta rakazoroorwa naye. Farmer akaverengerwa maawa 3,500 ebasa, Truitt 3,000 naPackard 2,000. Zvichipesana nazvo pane madhora zviuru zvishoma akakundwa pamabheti madiki. Muna 1983 Farmer akashambadza mumagazini yekubheja achitsvaga vashambadzi vemari, achitsanangura prototype ine mukana wakaratidzwa wekasino we20 kusvika 40%. The Eudaemons pavaitamba, kutsvaga kwaBelin mumutemo weNevada kwakanga kusina kuwana chinorambidza kufanotaura mutambo; muna Chivabvu 1985 nyika yakaita kuti kushandisa muchina wekuita izvozvo kuve mhosva. Chakagara isainzi. Kuvaka makombiyuta kwakadzidzisa Farmer, Packard neshamwari dzavo kudzidza chaos, uko kwavakazivikanwa.
Kuverenga bhuku nhasi
Thomas Bass, akaisa mabheti parwendo rwekupedzisira, akataura nyaya iyi muThe Eudaemonic Pie (1985), yakavakwa pahurukuro refu neboka, uye ndiyo inobva peji rino. Nhoroondo yaro pfupi yeRoulette haina kuvimbika kupfuura tsananguro yaro yepurojekiti. Rinodzokorora nyaya yevanyori vatanhatu vakahayiwa naJagger, iyo inodzokera kubhuku ra1901 uye isingapfuuri ipapo (onai Joseph Jagger: Nzira yeRoulette kuMonte Carlo), uye rinoisa bvunzo yekasino yaThorp naShannon muna 1962, apo nhoroondo dzaThorp pachake dzinoti zhizha ra1961.
Mibvunzo
Kwete. Vakakunda madhora zviuru zvishoma pamabheti emasendi gumi nemakota, uye vakashandisa ingangoita $15,000 nezviuru zvakawanda zvemaawa.
Pavaitamba, Nevada yakanga isina mutemo unorambidza kufanotaura mutambo nemuchina. Yave nawo kubvira 1985, uye nzvimbo zhinji dzine makasino dzava nawo.
Kwete kwakavharwa kubheja bhora parinokandwa, sezvinoitika mumasitudhiyo emhenyu, uye kupinda nemuchina wakadaro mukasino imhosva munzvimbo zhinji.
Kutamba neMasvomhu
Edzai izvi imi pachenyu pekutanga. Mhinduro yega yega yakapetwa; ivhurei kana magadzirira.
VaEudaemons vaifungidzira kuti kombiyuta yavo yaikosha 44% pastraight upbhetiStraight upNhamba imwe chete, rinobhadhara 35:1.Verengai zvese → pavhiri reAmerica, uko bheti rinobhadhara 35 kusvika ku1. Nhamba yakasarudzwa inofanira kukunda kangani kuti izvozvo zvive zvechokwadi? Uye kufanotaura kwaizofanira kubvisa makomba mangani pamakombamidziyoGombaImwe yemakamuri 37 ane nhamba parotor. Mamwe mazita: slot, cup.Verengai zvese → 38, dai bhoramidziyoBhoraBhora diki rinokandwa mumugero richienda rimwe divi nerotor. Mabhora emazuva ano ndeeivorine kana Teflon, 18–21 mm.Verengai zvese → raive nemukana wakaenzana wekuwira mune ripi neripi rakasara?
Ratidza mhinduro
Mhinduro Kamwe chete pakutenderera 25. Izvozvo zvakafanana nekubvisa makomba 13 nekusiya 25.
ChipimariChipiChiratidzo chinomiririra mari yakatarwa, chinoiswa patafura yekubhejera kuita bheti. Rimwe zita: check.Verengai zvese → chinokunda chinodzoka nemamwe 35: machipi 36. Kana nhamba ikakunda kamwe chete pakutenderera n, machipi n akabhejwa anodzosa 36, saka bheti rinokosha 36/n − 1.
Isai izvozvo ku0.44: 36/n = 1.44, saka n = 25. Pasina kufanotaura n i38 uye bheti rinokosha 36/38 − 1 = −5.26%.
Zvino ngatiti kufanotaura kunobvisa makomba k uye bhora rine mukana wakaenzana wekuwira mune rimwe nerimwe pane 38 − k akasara. Chipi pane rimwe rawo chinokunda kamwe chete pakutenderera 38 − k. Kuti tiwane 44% tinoda 38 − k = 25, saka k = 13: zvishoma kupfuura chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevhiri.
Mubhuku Farmer anonzi akati 40% inobva pakubvisa makomba masere. Pamuenzaniso uyu uri nyore, masere anopa 36/30 − 1 = 20%, saka mufananidzo chaiwo unofanira kunge waisaenzana: mamwe emakomba akasara aine mukana mukuru zvikuru kupfuura mamwe.
makomba akabviswamakomba akasarastraight up inokosha038−5.26%2360%830+20%1325+44%1919+89%Ngatiti nhamba yenyu inonyatsokunda kamwe chete pakutenderera 25 pa35 kusvika ku1, mukana pamusoro we44%. Munobheja chipi chimwe pakutenderera. Mukana wakadii wekuti muve shure mushure mekutenderera 100? Mushure me500?
Ratidza mhinduro
Mhinduro Anenge 23% mushure mekutenderera 100 uye zvichiri anenge 6% mushure me500.
Mushure mekutenderera 100 mabheja machipi 100, uye kukunda kwega kwega kunodzosa 36. Kukunda kuviri kunodzosa 72, kurasikirwa kwe28; kutatu kunodzosa 108, pundutso ye8. Saka muri shure kana mukakunda kaviri kana pasi.
Mukana wekusakunda mukutenderera 100 i(24/25)¹⁰⁰ = 1.7%. Kukunda kumwe chete: 100 × (1/25) × (24/25)⁹⁹ = 7.0%. Kuviri chaiko: 4,950 × (1/25)² × (24/25)⁹⁸ = 14.5%. Pamwe chete 23.2%.
Mushure mekutenderera 500 munoda kukunda 14 kuti muve mberi (14 × 36 = 504), uye avhareji i20. Mukana we13 kana pasi unenge 6.2%.
Iri ndiro rimwe divi rebheti rine mukana mudiki. Mukana pamusoro wakakura, uye munenge mutsara mumwe pamina yekutenderera 100 hauratidzike. Mutambi asingazivi chaizvo kuti mukana pamusoro uripo haagoni kusiyanisa mutsara wakaipa nekombiyuta yakaputsika, iyo yaiwanzova nzvimbo yaiva nema-Eudaemons.
kutendererakukunda kunodiwa kuti muve mberimukana wekuva shure50240.1%100323.2%200618.6%500146.2%Bhuku rinoti nemukana pamusoro we44%, $100 inobhejwa ka50 paawa inofanira kuwana $2,200 paawa. Ongororai. Wozoverenga zvakawanikwa nemukana iwoyo pamari yaitambwa neboka racho chaizvo: dhaimu pakutenderera.
Ratidza mhinduro
Mhinduro $2,200 ndeyechokwadi pa$100 pakutenderera. Padhaimu pakutenderera i$2.20 paawa.
Mukana pamusoro chikamu chezvose zvakabhejwa. Pa$100 pakutenderera nekutenderera 50 paawa, $5,000 inobhejwa, uye 44% yayo i$2,200.
Pamasendi 10 pakutenderera, $5 inobhejwa paawa, uye 44% ye$5 i$2.20. Kunyange vachivhara nhamba ina nedhaimu imwe neimwe, i$8.80 paawa yevanhu vaviri.
Boka racho rakatamba nemari shoma nekuti vaivaka mari yekutambamariMari yekutambaMari yose yakachengeterwa kutamba. Kutonga mari yekutamba kuri kusarudza kuti mungaisa pangozi yakawanda sei pabheti rimwe nepasesheni imwe.Verengai zvese → kubva pasina, uye nekuti, sezvinoratidzwa nedambudziko riri pamusoro, mukana pamusoro we44% pa35 kusvika ku1 unogona kurasikirwa kwemaawa. Mutengo wekungwarira ukoko waiva wekuti nzira yacho yaigona kunge ichishanda zvakakwana asi ichibhadhara zvishoma pane basa.
Kuseka zvishoma
Fizikisi yakashanda. Neon yakakunda.
Zvinyorwa
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.