Roulette yeMonte Carlo
Kasino yakashandura nyika diki yemuchinda kuita musha wevhiri rine zero imwe.
Yakavhurwa muna 1863 pasi paFrançois Blanc, Casino de Monte-Carlo yakaita kuti vhiri reEurope rive chiyero chekondinendi uye yakapa Roulette nyaya dzayo dzinozivikanwa zvikuru, kubva kuvhiri rinotsauka raJagger kusvika kunhema 26 dza1913.
Sei Monaco
Muma1850 Monaco raive dombo rakabhuroka rine muchinda, muzinda uye pasina indasitiri. Kubheja kwakanga kuchirambidzwa munyika dzese dzeGermany, apo makasino emaspa akanga abudirira. Muchinda Charles III akapa mvumo yekasino muna 1856; kuedza kwekutanga kwakakundikana nekushaikwa kwechitima nemugwagwa. François Blanc, akanga aita kuti Bad Homburg izivikanwe, akatenga mvumo iyi muna 1863, akavaka Société des Bains de Mer, akakurudzira chitima kubva kuNice, uye akatumidza nharaunda itsva kuti Monte Carlo achitevera muchinda. Kasino yakatsigira nyika zvekuti mutero wemari inowanikwa wakabviswa muna 1869 uye hauna kumbodzoka.
Zero imwe semutemo
Blanc akaunza vhiri rine zerovhiriZeroGomba rimwe chete rakasvibira risingafukidzwi nebheti remubhadharo wakaenzana, redozeni kana rekoramu; ndiko kunobva chikamu chekasino. Mamwe mazita: zero imwe, 0.Verengai zvese → imwe kubva kuHomburg. MuMonte Carlo rakanga risiri hunyanzvi hwekukwikwidza asi chiyero: tafura yega yega, zuva rega rega. Vatambi vaibva muEurope yese vakadzidza mutambo weRoulette weMonte Carlo pa2.70% vakautarisira kumwe kunhu, ndosaka zero mbirimhandoZero mbiriGomba re00 pavhiri reAmerica. Kuvapo kwaro kunokwidza chikamu chekasino kubva pa2.70% kusvika pa5.26%.Verengai zvese → ichipona chete apo Monte Carlo isina kumbotara chiyero.
Mvumo yekutanga yekasino muMonaco. Inokundikana: hapana mugwagwa, hapana chitima, vatambi vashoma.
François Blanc anotora. Société des Bains de Mer inovambwa.
Chitima kubva kuNice chinovhurwa. Vashanyi vanosvika nezvitima zvakazara.
Mutero wemari inowanikwa unobviswa muMonaco.
Joseph Jagger anowana kutsauka mumavhiri uye anokunda hupfumi; kasino inotamisa mavhiri ayo, yozoatsiva.
Charles Wells “anoputsa bhangi” kakawanda mumazuva mashoma, nerombo nesisitimu yaasina kumbotsanangura.
Nhema 26 dzakatevedzana. Kukanganisa kwemubheji kunowana rimwe zita rako.
Casino de Monte-Carlo inorasikirwa nemonopoli yayo yekubheja paRiviera sezvo makasino eFrance achivhurwa zvakare.
Kuputsa bhangi
Tafura yega yega yeRoulette paMonte Carlo yaive nemari yakachengetwa, “bhangi”. Kana mutambi akunda kupfuura mari iyi, tafura yaifukidzwa nejira demabhetiNhemaBheti remubhadharo wakaenzana panhamba 18 nhema. ChiFrench: noir.Verengai zvese → mari yakawanda ichitorwa: bhangi rakanga “raputswa”. Zvaiitika kazhinji uye yaive shambadziro yakanaka; zvaisareva kuti kasino yakanga yarasikirwa nemari yose, asi kuti mari yetafura imwe yakanga yapera. Charles Wells akazviita kakawanda muna 1891 nemutsara unoshamisa, akava rwiyo rwemahoro emimhanzi, uye akadzosa chikamu chazvo munguva yechando iyoyo.
Nyaya
Vhiri rinotsaukaongororoVhiri rinotsaukaVhiri rine zvikanganiso zvemuviri zvinoita kuti mamwe makomba ave nemukana unopfuura 1/37. Hazviwanzoitika, uye zvinoonekwa chete nekutenderera kwezviuru kwakanyorwa.Verengai zvese → raJoseph Jagger (kunenge 1880), Wells (1891) nenhema 26 (1913) zvese zvakaitika pano, uye chimwe nechimwe chine peji racho. Bazi reshambadziro rekasino, rakanga riri pamberi penguva yaro, rakaita kuti imwe neimwe yazvo itaurwe mumapepanhau eLondon. Ngano yenzvimbo panokundwa hupfumi yakatengesa matikiti echitima akawanda kupfuura nyaya ipi neipi yechokwadi ye2.70%.
Mutambo weRoulette weMonte Carlo nhasi
Kasino ichiri kushanda, uye Roulette ichiri pakati pesaloon huru, nemavhiri ane zero imwe nemitemo yeFrance (la partagemutemoLa partageMutemo wechiFrench: kana zero yabuda, hafu yemari yakabhejwa pabheti remubhadharo wakaenzana inodzoserwa. Inoita hafu chikamu chekasino pamabheti iwayo kusvika pa1.35%.Verengai zvese → kana en prisonmutemoEn prisonMutemo wechiFrench: kana zero yabuda, bheti remubhadharo wakaenzana rinobatwa kusvika pakutenderera kunotevera panzvimbo pekurasikirwa. Rinoita hafu chikamu chekasino pamabheti iwayo.Verengai zvese → pamubhadharo wakaenzana). Société des Bains de Mer ichiri kambani huru yenyika yemuchinda. Nzira yeMonte Carlo mumasvomhu, yakatumidzwa naUlam navon Neumann muma1940 zvichitevera kasino, ndiyo inoshandisa masimulator ari pawebhusaiti ino.
Mibvunzo
Kwete. Vakarambidzwa kubvira muzana ramakore rechi19; kasino yaive yevashanyi.
Unotaurwa zvakafanana munyaya dzakazotevera; marekodhi ekasino pachayo enguva iyoyo haasi eruzhinji. MukanamasvomhuMukanaMukana wemhedzisiro, kubva pa0 kusvika pa1 kana 0% kusvika 100%. Nhamba imwe: 1/37 = 2.70%.Verengai zvese → unoenderana nekuti zvakaitika kumwe kunhu mumakore makumi mashanu ekutamba.
Babamunini vaStanislaw Ulam vaibheja ikoko; zita iri raive izwi rekodhi rekusarudza kusina hurongwa paManhattan Project.
Kuseka zvishoma
Bhangi raiputswa kazhinji. Kasino yakanga isina kumbova nekusava nechokwadi.
Zvinyorwa
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.