Kubiridzira paRoulette
Mavhiri eRoulette ekutanga akabiridzira aiva ekasino. Nhasi kubiridzira kunoitika patafura yekubhejera, kazhinji nerubatsiro rwemutambisi, uye tafura yega yega ine rezinesi yakavakwa kuti ikubate.
Vabiridziri veRoulette vakarwisa zvinhu zvina: vhiri, rakavakwa kuti ritungamire bhora; bheti, rinochinjwa mushure memhedzisiro; mutambisi, anobhadharwa kuti abatsire; uye software, inochinjwa kuti ibhadhare. Vhiri rakabiridzirwa raiva chishandiso chekasino mudzimba dzekubhejera dzisiri pamutemo dzezana remakore re19 nekutanga kwere20; makasino ane rezinesi parizvino anoongorora vhiri rese kuti hapana magineti tafura isati yavhurwa. Mabheti anononoka, anowanzogamuchirwa nemutambisi akaora, ndiwo anoonekwa nematare nhasi. Kuverenga vhiri rinotsauka kana bhora rinofanotaurika neziso hakusi kubiridzira; kushandisa muchina kuzviita imhosva muNevada.
Zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana
Kutamba nemukana kunoshandisa ruzivo rwunogona kuunganidzwa nemunhu wese, vhiri rinotsaukaongororoVhiri rinotsaukaVhiri rine zvikanganiso zvemuviri zvinoita kuti mamwe makomba ave nemukana unopfuura 1/37. Hazviwanzoitika, uye zvinoonekwa chete nekutenderera kwezviuru kwakanyorwa.Verengai zvese → kana bhoramidziyoBhoraBhora diki rinokandwa mumugero richienda rimwe divi nerotor. Mabhora emazuva ano ndeeivorine kana Teflon, 18–21 mm.Verengai zvese → rinofanotaurika, uye kunobheja pazviri kubheja kusati kwavharwa. Kubiridzira paRoulette kunochinja mutambo: kunowedzera kubheti mushure mekunge mhedzisiro yazivikanwa, kunodzosa bheti rakarasika, kana kunovanza kuti pakabhejwa marii. Chekutanga kazhinji chiri pamutemo, uye mhinduro yekasino kugadzirisa vhiri kana kurambidza mutambi. Chechipiri kubiridzira. MuNevada, kuisa kana kuchinja bheti mhedzisiro yazivikanwa imhosva pachayo. Vatambi veRitz va2004 vakasungwa, vakasunungurwa, uye vakadzoserwa mari yavo nyaya payakadonhedzwa; vanoita past-posting vanomhan'arwa.
Nzira ina dzekubiridzira Roulette
Kutenderera kwakarurama kunogona kurwiswa panzvimbo ina: vhiri pacharo, bheti mhedzisiro yazivikanwa, mutambisi anogadzirisa mabheti, uye, pamichina neonline, software inoabhadhara. Vanoita kubiridzira vakachinja nekufamba kwenguva. Muzana remakore re19 yaiva kazhinji kasino. Nhasi kazhinji vatambi, kazhinji nerubatsiro rwemutambisi.
Vhiri reRoulette rinobiridzira, 1890 kusvika kuma1930s
Muzana remakore rayo rekutanga muAmerica, aibiridzira patafura yeRoulette yaiwanzova kasino. John Philip Quinn, mubheji akanga achinja, akatsanangura michina iyi muna 1890. Lever iri pasi pevhiri yaishandiswa nemugumbo mumwe wetafura, wakaitwa mupfupi zvishoma kupfuura mimwe, kuitira kuti mutambisi akazendama pauri achinje nzira yebhora kubva patsvukubhetiTsvukuBheti remubhadharo wakaenzana panhamba 18 tsvuku. ChiFrench: rouge.Verengai zvese → kuenda panhemabhetiNhemaBheti remubhadharo wakaenzana panhamba 18 nhema. ChiFrench: noir.Verengai zvese →. Pane rimwe vhiri hafu yemafretmidziyoFretRusvingo rwesimbi pakati pemakomba maviri pavhiri.Verengai zvese →, zvikamu zvesimbi zvinoparadzanisa makombamidziyoGombaImwe yemakamuri 37 ane nhamba parotor. Mamwe mazita: slot, cup.Verengai zvese →, yaiva yakareba zvishoma: nekuti mavara anotsinhana, kutenderedza bhora kune rumwe rutivi kana rumwe kwaifarira tsvuku kana nhema, uye mutambisi aisarudza ruvara rwaive nemari shoma. Rechitatu raiva nepakati penhema umo matanda aisundira misoro yetsono dzakatetepa kumusoro pamberi pemakomba akatsinhana. Quinn akadhindazve catalogue yemutengesi wekuNew York yaipa mavhiri “anogona kuitwa kuti abudise Tsvuku kana Nhema, kana Nhamba Yepamusoro kana Yepasi, sezvinodiwa nemutambisi.” Pakasvika 1912 akanyora kuti magetsi yakanga yava nzira inozivikanwa, newaya dzaikwidza nemugumbo wetafura kubva kubhatiri riri muimba yepasi, uye akakurudzira kampasi yemuhomwe kuti iwanikwe: tsono inozununguka magetsi ari kufamba. National Museum of American History yeSmithsonian ine vhiri reRoulette remagineti rema1930s rakagadzirwa muChicago: mutambisi aibatidza magineti yaro yemagetsi nebhatani kusundira bhora kure nenhamba dzaiva nemabheti makuru.
Sei vhiri rine rezinesi rakaoma kubiridzira
Vhiri rakabiridzirwa raiva remakasino asina mutongi. Mukasino ine rezinesi kutonga kwakanyorwa mumitemo. YeNew Jersey yakajairika: tafura isati yavhurwa vhiri rinoongororwa kuti hapana magineti kana mumwe muchina, kuenzana kwaro, uye kuti rinotenderera zvakasununguka uye zvakaenzana; bhora rinopfuudzwa pamusoro pemagineti kana kampasi, uye harifaniri kuva nesimbi zvachose; kugadzirisa kwese kunonyorwa, uye chivharo chakakiyiwa chinoiswa pavhiri tafura painovharwa. Mavhiri mazhinji emazuva ano anoverenga nhamba yakunda nemasensa ari mumupendero otumira mhedzisiro yese kusoftware yekasino, saka vhiri rinofarira dzimwe nhamba rinooneka munhamba dzekasino pachayo. Kasino haina chikonzero chekuzviisa panjodzi. Vhiri rakarurama rezerovhiriZeroGomba rimwe chete rakasvibira risingafukidzwi nebheti remubhadharo wakaenzana, redozeni kana rekoramu; ndiko kunobva chikamu chekasino. Mamwe mazita: zero imwe, 0.Verengai zvese → imwe rinochengeta 2.70% yezvese zvinobhejwa, uye rakabiridzirwa raizorasisa rezinesi.
Maonero eKutsauka kweVhiri reRouletteChikamu cheKasino muRoulette
Past-posting
Hunyengeri hwekare hweRoulette ipast-posting: kutsvedzera chipimariChipiChiratidzo chinomiririra mari yakatarwa, chinoiswa patafura yekubhejera kuita bheti. Rimwe zita: check.Verengai zvese → pamusoro, kana pasi, pebheti rakakunda bhora radonha, wozoti ndewako mubhadharomariMubhadharoZvinodzoserwa nebheti rakunda, zvinotaurwa se“X kusvika ku1” pamusoro pemari yakabhejwa inodzoserwa.Verengai zvese →. Zvinoda chikwata. Mechanic anoita danho mutambisi akabatikana, munhu anotora asina kumboonekwa nemutambisi anounganidza, uye murindi anotarisa pit omisa danho nechiratidzo chemaoko. Nguva yacho ndiyo yekubhadhara pachayo, mutambisi paanotendeuka kutora machipi emukundi wekunze uye nhamba dzemukati dzisingatariswe kwemasekonzi mashoma.
Richard Marcus
Marcus aiva mutambisi paFour Queens muLas Vegas muma1970s chikwata chepast-posting pachakamunyora. Sekutaura kwake akashanda nacho, ndokuzotungamira chikwata chake, kwemakore angangoita 25 paRoulette, craps neblackjack, uye akarega munenge muna 2000 asina kumbowanikwa nemhosva. Bhuku rake reupenyu ra2003 rinotsanangura shanduro yeRoulette. Vatambi vaviri vanofukidza dozenibhetiDozeni1–12, 13–24 kana 25–36, rinobhadhara 2:1.Verengai zvese → yechitatu, chipi nechipi, kutenderera kwotevera kumwe, kusvika yabuda; mutambisi achibhadhara dozeni, ruoko runotsvedzera chipi che$100 pasi pemurwi we straight up wakakunda. Mutoreri akanga atoita bheti rimwe chairo re$100 re straight up, saka pit inomurangarira semutambi wehukuru uhwohwo, uye danho iri rakakosha $3,500. Kuita kuti tafura yekubhejeramidziyoTafura yekubhejeraGridhi yekubhejera yakadhindwa patafura. Mamwe mazita: table, felt, cloth.Verengai zvese → ibatikane kunodhurira chikwata chete chikamu chekasinomasvomhuChikamu chekasinoChikamu chemari yega yega yakabhejwa chinochengetwa nekasino paavhareji: 2.70% muRoulette yeEurope.Verengai zvese → pamabheti avo ekuvhara.
The Savannah
Danho raMarcus rinonyanya kuzivikanwa rakanga risiri past-post zvachose. Kusati kwatenderera aiisa chipi che$5 pamusoro pechipi che$5,000 pabheti rekunzebhetiBheti rekunzeBheti pamabhokisi akakomberedza gridhi: madozeni, makoramu nemabheti emubhadharo wakaenzana.Verengai zvese →, chipi chikuru chakasundirwa kumashure kuti mutambisi aone murwi mudiki chete. Kana bheti rikakunda, mutambisi aiwana chipi chikuru obhadhara: $5,005 patsvuku, $10,010 padozeni. Kana rikarasika, Marcus aisimudza murwi kusati kwatsvairwa, uye kana akabvunzwa aiisa machipi maviri e$5 akanga akavanzwa muruoko; mutambisi, akanga averenga bheti se$10, aisaona chakaipa. Bheti rese rakakunda raiva rechokwadi uye rese rakarasika rainyangarika. Nhoroondo dzakazotevera dzinoti rakaunza ingangoita $5 miriyoni makasino asati arega kuribhadhara.
Basa remukati
Kubiridzira kwakawanda kweRoulette kunosvika kudare parizvino kunosanganisira mutambisi. Nzira yakajairwa bheti rinononoka: mutambisi anobvumira shamwari kuisa kana kuwedzera bheti bhora radonha, kana kuburitsa bhora nekukurumidza kuti bheti ripinde nguva yemagetsi isati yavhara. Mari kashoma ichiva yakawanda, uye nyaya dzinowanzoonekwa kuburikidza nekamera iri pamusoro petafura yega yega, kana kuburikidza nemutambi mumwe anoramba achikunda patafura yemutambisi mumwe.
Michina nesoftware
Roulette yemagetsi inotamisa chinangwa kubva kumachipi kuenda kukodhi. Muzhizha ra2007 makondirakita maviri eIT kuboka remakasino eLondon akachinja sisitimu yaro kuitira kuti materminal pamatafura eRoulette yemhenyu adhinde mapepa ekukunda, akakosha kusvika £600 rimwe nerimwe, zvisinei nekuti nhamba ipi yabuda. Vakatora ingangoita £33,000 mumakasino mana, vakabvuma mhosva yekuba uye vakapiwa mitongo yakamiswa muna 2010. Online, njodzi kumutambi mushandisi asina rezinesi, ane software isina anoiedza. Kumitambo ine rezinesi hatina kuwana mutongi akawana jenareta yeRoulette yakabiridzirwa. Zvinosvika kumatare kukanganisika kwemichina: muna 2021 BetMGM yakadzima mutsara wemutambi wekuMichigan kubva pa$50 kusvika pa$3.3 miriyoni pamutambo weRoulette yeonline sekukanganisa kwesoftware, uye muna 2025 Dare Repamusoro renyika iyoyo rakabvumira mhosva yake kuenderera. Kukanganisa kunorambwa kubhadharwa nekasino kupokana pamusoro pechibvumirano, kwete humbowo hwekuti mutambo wakabiridzirwa.
Michina, uye panodhonzwa mutsetse nemutemo
Kufanotaura bhora hakusi kubiridzira pachako. Kuverenga vhiri rinotsauka, sezvakaita Joseph Jagger nemhuri yaGarcía-Pelayo, kunoshandisa ruzivo rwunogona kuunganidzwa nemunhu wese. Dare Repamusoro reSpain rakatonga muna 2004 kuti maGarcía-Pelayo akashandisa ungwaru nekombiyuta, kwete kubiridzira, uye kuti mushonga wekasino waiva wekuchinja mavhiri ayo. Kutakura kombiyuta kuenda kutafura imwe nyaya. Nevada yakaita kuti kushandisa kana kuva nemuchina chero upi wakagadzirirwa kufanotaura mhedzisiro yemutambo kana kuongorora mikana yawo kuve mhosva, uye yakazviona semhosva huru (felony) kubvira 1985. Gambling Act 2005 yeBritain inoita kuti kubiridzira kuve mhosva uye inoti kunogona kuva kupindira mumaitiro emutambo; muna 2017 Dare Repamusoro reUK rakatonga, muIvey v Genting, kuti kubiridzira hakufaniri kuva kusatendeseka.
Makombiyuta eRouletteGonzalo García-Pelayo: Sisitimu yeRouletteJoseph Jagger: Nzira yeRoulette kuMonte Carlo
Nyaya dzinodzokororwa nechinyorwa chega chega chekubiridzira
Nyaya mbiri dzinowanikwa papeji nepeji pamusoro pevabiridziri veRoulette, uye hapana inogona kurondwa kusvika kwainobva. Pierre Dugal, muFrench anonzi akabiridzira mavhiri pakutanga kwezana remakore re19 uye akatengeswa nemukadzi wake, anooneka pasina zuva, pasina kasino uye pasina dare. Monique Laurent, anonzi akatungamira bhora rinotongwa neredhiyo kubva kutransmitter yakavanzwa mupaketi yefodya muma1970s, anooneka mushanduro dzisingabvumirani pakasino, pamari, “mamiriyoni 5 emafranc” kana “$1 miriyoni”, uye kuti akambosungwa here. Hatina kuwana pepanhau, rekodhi yedare kana bhuku renguva iyoyo rechero imwe yadzo. Zvimwe zvinotaurwa zviviri zvakangokanganisa: nyaya yaGarcía-Pelayo yakatongwa muSpain, kwete neDare Repamusoro reUnited States, uye Richard Marcus, sekutaura kwake nehurukuro dzakazotevera, haana kumbowanikwa nemhosva.
Mabatiro azvinoitwa nekasino
Zvizhinji zvezvinoitwa nemutambisi nguva dzese kuzvidzivirira kumadanho emachipi ari pamusoro. “No more betsmaitiroHapachina mabhetiKudaidzira kwemutambisi (kana chiziviso chiri pasikirini) kunovhara kubheja. Machipi haachagoni kuiswa, kufambiswa kana kubviswa.Verengai zvese →” inovhara tafura yekubhejera bhora risati radonha. DollymidziyoDollyChiratidzo chinoiswa panhamba yakunda patafura yekubhejera mabheti achigadziriswa.Verengai zvese → inomaka nhamba yakunda, uye hapana chinofanira kufamba patafura iri pasi. Machipi akarasika anotsvairwa mukundi asati abhadharwa, saka bheti rakarasika harigoni kudzoserwa panguva yekubhadhara. Mutambisi anoona chipi chemutengo wakakwira patafura anochidaidza kupit, ndosaka mutoreri waMarcus akatanga kuisa bheti rake guru chairo. Machipi emavaratafuraMachipi emavaraMachipi eRoulette chete ane ruvara rwakasiyana pamutambi mumwe nemumwe patafura, ane kukosha kunotarwa pakutenga. Rimwe zita: wheel checks.Verengai zvese →, ruvara rumwe pamutambi mumwe, anoita kuti chipi chemutorwa chioneke, uye makamera ari pamusoro anonyora mubhadharo wese kuti uongororwe. Kasino yese inofukidza dzimwe nzira.
Zvazvinoreva kumutambi akajairika
Mukasino ine rezinesi vhiri rakabiridzirwa nhoroondo, uye vabiridziri vari patafura vari kubira kasino, kwete vatambi vari parutivi pavo. Hapana danho riri pamutemo patafura rinokunda vhiri rakarurama, uye hapana chinoitwa nemubiridziri weRoulette chinochinja mikana yemumwe munhu. Tsika mbiri dzinochengeta mutambi kure nekufungirwa. Siyai machipi enyu dolly ichiri pasi, kunyange akakunda, nekuti kuasvikira panguva iyoyo kunoratidzika sedanho chairo rinotsvagwa nemakamera. Uye rambai mutambisi upi noupi anopa kubatsira, nekuti bheti rinononoka rinogamuchirwa senyasha imhosva imwe chete neritengwa. Online, tambai chete panogona kuongororwa rezinesi remushandisi nemutongi. Mutambo usina rezinesi ndiyo nzvimbo chete iyo mutambi wemazuva ano angasangana nevhiri ra1890.
Mibvunzo
Kwete. Kuchinja bheti mhedzisiro yazivikanwa kubiridzira kwese kwese kune mutambo uri pamutemo.
MuNevada kushandisa muchina wakadaro kwave mhosva huru kubvira 1985. Kumwe kunhu mutemo unosiyana; onai Kutamba neMukana muRoulette.
Akabvunzwa kakawanda uye, sekutaura kwake nehurukuro dzakazotevera, haana kumbowanikwa nemhosva. Kubvira ipapo akapa makasino mazano ekudzivirira mitambo.
Zvakamboitika: Smithsonian ine vhiri rema1930s rakavakirwa izvozvo. Makasino ane rezinesi anoongorora magineti tafura isati yavhurwa, uye muNew Jersey bhora harifaniri kuva nesimbi.
Kumhan'arwa. Vatambisi nevadyidzani vavo vakatongerwa muUnited States, New Zealand, England neSingapore.
Kutamba neMasvomhu
Edzai izvi imi pachenyu pekutanga. Mhinduro yega yega yakapetwa; ivhurei kana magadzirira.
Timu inoita past-posting inoita kuti tafura yekubhejeramidziyoTafura yekubhejeraGridhi yekubhejera yakadhindwa patafura. Mamwe mazita: table, felt, cloth.Verengai zvese → igare yakabatikana nekuvhara dozenibhetiDozeni1–12, 13–24 kana 25–36, rinobhadhara 2:1.Verengai zvese → rechitatu pakutenderera kwega kwega pavhiri reAmerica: machipimariChipiChiratidzo chinomiririra mari yakatarwa, chinoiswa patafura yekubhejera kuita bheti. Rimwe zita: check.Verengai zvese → 4 panhamba imwe neimwe kubva pa25 kusvika pa36 nemachipi 20 pabhokisi redozeni. Inokunda marii kana dozeni rabuda, inorasikirwa marii kana rapotsa, uye kumirira kunodhura marii?
Ratidza mhinduro
Mhinduro +136 machipi kana rabuda uye −68 kana rapotsa, saka paavhareji timu inorasikirwa machipi 3.58 pakutenderera, 5.26% yakajairwa ye68. Dozeni rinobuda kamwe chete pakutenderera kunenge 3.2.
Pakutenderera kwega kwega machipi 68 anoiswa pasi. Kana imwe ye25 kusvika 36 ikabuda, machipi 4 ari pairi anokunda 35 kusvika ku1 uye anodzoka nemari yakabhejwa: machipi 144. Dozeni rinobhadhara 2 kusvika ku1 pamachipi 20: 60 anodzoka. Ndiwo 204 pa68 akabhejwa, +136. Kana zvisina kudaro ose 68 anorasikirwa.
Avhareji: (12 × 136 − 26 × 68)/38 = (1,632 − 1,768)/38 = −3.58 machipi pakutenderera, iyo 5.26% ye68. Dozeni rinobuda ka12 pa38, kamwe chete pakutenderera 3.2 paavhareji.
Saka kuvhara uku hakudhurire timu chinhu kupfuura chikamu chekasinomasvomhuChikamu chekasinoChikamu chemari yega yega yakabhejwa chinochengetwa nekasino paavhareji: 2.70% muRoulette yeEurope.Verengai zvese →, uye kunotenga zvinodiwa nehunyengeri: chikonzero chekugara patafura, uye mubhadharomariMubhadharoZvinodzoserwa nebheti rakunda, zvinotaurwa se“X kusvika ku1” pamusoro pemari yakabhejwa inodzoserwa.Verengai zvese → panguva iyo mutambisi anotarisa kumwe.
Vhiri raQuinn ra1890 rine mafretmidziyoFretRusvingo rwesimbi pakati pemakomba maviri pavhiri.Verengai zvese → marefu raibvumira mutambisi kutungamira bhoramidziyoBhoraBhora diki rinokandwa mumugero richienda rimwe divi nerotor. Mabhora emazuva ano ndeeivorine kana Teflon, 18–21 mm.Verengai zvese → kuenda kutsvukubhetiTsvukuBheti remubhadharo wakaenzana panhamba 18 tsvuku. ChiFrench: rouge.Verengai zvese → kana kunhemabhetiNhemaBheti remubhadharo wakaenzana panhamba 18 nhema. ChiFrench: noir.Verengai zvese →. Ngatiti kutungamira kunoshanda kamwe chete pakutenderera 18 uye kumwe kwose kwakatendeka, pavhiri rine zerovhiriZeroGomba rimwe chete rakasvibira risingafukidzwi nebheti remubhadharo wakaenzana, redozeni kana rekoramu; ndiko kunobva chikamu chekasino. Mamwe mazita: zero imwe, 0.Verengai zvese → mbiri, uye mutambisi anogara achitungamira achipesana neruvara rwamakabheja. Bheti re$10 patsvuku rinokudhurai marii zvino? Kutungamira kwaizofanira kushanda kangani kuti kasino ichengete chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chebheti rega rega?
Ratidza mhinduro
Mhinduro Kamwe chete pakutenderera 18 kunopeta kaviri chikamu chekasino, kubva pa5.26% kusvika pa10.53%: $1.05 pabheti pachinzvimbo che$0.53. Kuti ichengete chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chebheti rega rega, kutungamira kunofanira kushanda kutenderera 8 pa27, anenge 30% yenguva.
Pakutenderera kwakatendeka tsvuku inokunda ka18 pa38. Kutenderera kwakatungamirwa hakumbokundi. Kana kutungamira kuchishanda nemukanamasvomhuMukanaMukana wemhedzisiro, kubva pa0 kusvika pa1 kana 0% kusvika 100%. Nhamba imwe: 1/37 = 2.70%.Verengai zvese → s, tsvuku inokunda nemukana we(1 − s) × 18/38.
Ne s = 1/18: (17/18) × (18/38) = 17/38. Bheti rinokunda $10 nemukana we17/38 uye rinorasikirwa $10 nemukana we21/38, avhareji iri −$40/38 = −$1.05, iyo 10.53% yemari yakabhejwa. Nhamba yevhiri rakatendeka iri −$20/38 = −$0.53, kana 5.26%.
Pachikamu chimwe muzvitatu: bheti rinokosha 2p − 1 yemari yakabhejwa, apo p chiri mukana wekukunda, saka 2p − 1 = −1/3 inopa p = 1/3. Ipapo (1 − s) × 18/38 = 1/3, saka 1 − s = 38/54 uye s = 16/54 = 8/27, anenge 29.6%.
Ndosaka vhiri rakagadziridzwa raikosha njodzi kukasino isina kutendeka, uye nei raigona kushandiswa zvishoma: kutungamira kutenderera kumwe pagumi nemasere, pamabheti makuru chete, kwakaoma kuona kubva pamucheto wetafura uye kunopeta kaviri zvinotorwa.
kutenderera kwakatungamirwatsvuku inokundakasino inochengetahapana18 pa385.26%1 pa1817 pa3810.53%1 pa615 pa3821.05%8 pa271 pa333.33%kwosehapana kana kamwe100%
Kuseka zvishoma
Vhiri rakatendeseka, saka machipi ndipo panoitwa kutarisa.
Zvinyorwa
- Marcus, R. American Roulette: How I Turned the Odds Upside Down.
- CDC Gaming Reports. “Richard Marcus: from the wrong side of the casino tables to the right.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.
- Quinn, J. P. Fools of Fortune; or, Gambling and Gamblers.
- Quinn, J. P. Gambling and Gambling Devices.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- National Museum of American History. Roulette wheel, H. C. Evans & Co., Chicago, 1930s.
- New Jersey Administrative Code.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, New Orleans. “Leader of conspiracy to defraud L’Auberge Casino in Lake Charles sentenced in federal court.”
- Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. “Hamilton Casino cheats penalised.”
- Blackpool Gazette. “Croupiers jailed for casino scam.”
- The Register. “IT contractors convicted of UK casino hack scam.”
- Marraco, M. “‘Los Pelayos’ vencen al casino en la ruleta y en el Supremo.”
- Gambling Act 2005 (c. 19).
- Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd.